Mandalay, Myanmar’s second-largest city, is defined by its dense and lively traffic dominated by motorcycles, which account for over 70 % of daily trips, reflecting a shift from the city’s once bicycle-oriented culture to heavy motorization amid rapid urban growth. With few functioning traffic lights and minimal public transport—buses serve less than 3 % of trips—the streets are filled with motorbikes, trishaws, and aging cars moving in loosely organized flows through the grid of wide avenues. This reliance on two-wheelers offers flexible mobility but contributes to congestion, noise, and pollution, especially during peak hours in commercial districts.