In the 8th century, Arab-Moorish armies advanced into the north of the Iberian Peninsula, but as early as the 10th century the area was temporarily reconquered by the Christians (Reconquista). In the late 11th century, Count Pedro Ansúrez made the largely depopulated city his residence, expanded it, and promoted its repopulation (repoblación), which is why he is often considered the actual founder of the city. The University of Valladolid was founded in 1241 by Alfonso VIII of Castille. It is one of the oldest universities in the world.

In the 15th century, it became the capital of the Kingdom of Castile until Philip II moved the center of power to the newly built monastery residence Real Sitio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial near Madrid in 1561. In 1561 most of the city burned down but was rebuilt under Philip II.
The Pimentel Palace is a former royal palace in the Plaza de San Pablo. It currently serves as the seat of the "Diputación de Valladolid"(Provincial Council of Valladolid).

It was built in the 15th century around a courtyard in the Renaissance style, incorporating earlier buildings. It was the birthplace of King Philip II of Spain.