In the 8th century, Arab-Moorish armies advanced into the north of the Iberian Peninsula, but as early as the 10th century the area was temporarily reconquered by the Christians (Reconquista). In the late 11th century, Count Pedro Ansúrez made the largely depopulated city his residence, expanded it, and promoted its repopulation (repoblación), which is why he is often considered the actual founder of the city. The University of Valladolid was founded in 1241 by Alfonso VIII of Castille. It is one of the oldest universities in the world.

In the 15th century, it became the capital of the Kingdom of Castile until Philip II moved the center of power to the newly built monastery residence Real Sitio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial near Madrid in 1561. In 1561 most of the city burned down but was rebuilt under Philip II.

Christopher Columbus died here on May 20, 1506.

The existence of the place became defined in the mid-thirteenth century when the market moved to the square, which since the early 16th century has been called Plaza Mayor. After its destruction in the 1561 fire and thanks to the direct intervention of Philip II, it became urbanized as a meeting place and marketplace for traders.

The Plaza Mayor of Valladolid is the first great plaza in Spain. It is used for all kinds of celebrations and f festivities including the Christmas Market.