Biological description of the bank vole (Myodes glareolus)

The bank vole is a small rodent with a compact body, a short neck, and a relatively blunt snout. Its fur is soft and dense; the back is typically reddish-brown to chestnut, while the belly is grayish to whitish. The tail is about half the body length and slightly darker on top.

Habitat and distribution:
Bank voles live mainly in forests, woodland edges, hedgerows, shrubs, and gardens. They are widespread across Europe and parts of western Asia, occurring in countries such as Germany, France, Austria, Poland, Scandinavia, the UK, and extending eastward into Russia. They inhabit the continent of Europe and adjacent parts of Asia.

Population:
The species is common and not endangered. Population size can fluctuate strongly from year to year, depending on food availability and climate.

Size and weight:
Body length is about 8–12 cm, with a tail length of 4–6 cm. Adults typically weigh 15–35 g.

Lifespan:
In the wild, bank voles usually live 1–2 years, though some may reach up to 3 years under favorable conditions.

Diet:
In summer, they feed mainly on seeds, berries, fruits, green plants, insects, and other small invertebrates. In winter, their diet shifts to seeds, bark, buds, roots, and stored food.

Reproduction:
Bank voles breed 2–4 times per year, mainly from spring to early autumn. After a gestation period of about 18–22 days, females give birth to 3–6 offspring per litter.

Nest:
Nests are built underground, under tree roots, logs, or dense vegetation. They are made of grass, leaves, moss, and fur, providing warmth and protection for the young.