I understand the London Underground has much improved but it compared very unfavourably to the Madrid Metro when I knew it. For instance, in the rush hour you never wait more than 4 minutes for a train!
I knew the metro a little in the early 80s when it still had 60 year old trains and an appalling accident record. The transformation that took place in the late 90s and early 00s (ie before the recession put a halt to things) was staggering!
In the Middle Ages Bouillon was a lordship within the Duchy of Lower Lorraine and the principal seat of the Ardennes-Bouillon dynasty in the 10th and 11th century. In the 11th century they dominated the area, and held the ducal title along with many other titles in the region. Bouillon was the location of the ducal mint and the dominant urban concentration in the dukes' possession.[2]
The Semois river and the Bouillon Castle (13th/19th centuries)
There is a common misconception that Bouillon was a County. While the lords of Bouillon often were counts and dukes, Bouillon itself was not a county. The fortification of Bouillon Castle was, along with the County of Verdun, the core of the possessions of the Ardennes-Bouillon dynasty, and their combined territory was a complex mixture of fiefs, allodial land and other hereditary rights throughout the area. An example of the latter is the Advocacy of the monastery of Saint-Hubert en Ardennes, which was granted to Godfrey II by the prince-bishop of Liège.[3]
The most famous of the Lords of Bouillon was Godfrey of Bouillon, a leader of the First Crusade and the first ruler of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. He sold Bouillon Castle to the Prince-Bishopric of Liège. The prince-bishops started to call themselves dukes of Bouillon, and the town emerged as the capital of a sovereign duchy by 1678, when it was captured from the prince-bishopric by the French army and given to the La Tour d'Auvergne family. The duchy was prized for its strategic location as "the key to the Ardennes" (as Vauban called it) and hence to France itself. It remained a quasi-independent protectorate, like Orange and Monaco, until 1795, when the Republican Army annexed it to France.
After the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte, the city was given to the Netherlands in the 1815 Treaty of Paris. It has been part of Belgium since the Revolution of 1830.
Not only does Marie-claire admire your detailed but clear notes, but so do I! (I did wonder whether the first king of the Frankish kingdom of Jerusalem was connected; you have confirmed it!).
17 comments
Andy Rodker said:
All very modern looking but the train and station are already over 20 years old!
Madrid metro celebrates its centenary in 2019
Jenny McIntyre said:
Andy Rodker replied to Jenny McIntyre:
tiabunna said:
Andy Rodker replied to tiabunna:
William Sutherland said:
Admired in:
www.ipernity.com/group/tolerance
Soeradjoen (limited… said:
Re: Bouillon:
In the Middle Ages Bouillon was a lordship within the Duchy of Lower Lorraine and the principal seat of the Ardennes-Bouillon dynasty in the 10th and 11th century. In the 11th century they dominated the area, and held the ducal title along with many other titles in the region. Bouillon was the location of the ducal mint and the dominant urban concentration in the dukes' possession.[2]
The Semois river and the Bouillon Castle (13th/19th centuries)
There is a common misconception that Bouillon was a County. While the lords of Bouillon often were counts and dukes, Bouillon itself was not a county. The fortification of Bouillon Castle was, along with the County of Verdun, the core of the possessions of the Ardennes-Bouillon dynasty, and their combined territory was a complex mixture of fiefs, allodial land and other hereditary rights throughout the area. An example of the latter is the Advocacy of the monastery of Saint-Hubert en Ardennes, which was granted to Godfrey II by the prince-bishop of Liège.[3]
The most famous of the Lords of Bouillon was Godfrey of Bouillon, a leader of the First Crusade and the first ruler of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. He sold Bouillon Castle to the Prince-Bishopric of Liège. The prince-bishops started to call themselves dukes of Bouillon, and the town emerged as the capital of a sovereign duchy by 1678, when it was captured from the prince-bishopric by the French army and given to the La Tour d'Auvergne family. The duchy was prized for its strategic location as "the key to the Ardennes" (as Vauban called it) and hence to France itself. It remained a quasi-independent protectorate, like Orange and Monaco, until 1795, when the Republican Army annexed it to France.
After the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte, the city was given to the Netherlands in the 1815 Treaty of Paris. It has been part of Belgium since the Revolution of 1830.
Andy Rodker replied to Soeradjoen (limited…:
Marie-claire Gallet said:
Andy Rodker replied to Marie-claire Gallet:
:o)
3 days later - and I am very confused. Who is commenting on whose Photo??? :o)
John FitzGerald said:
And as Larry also said, I wish I had taken it.
Andy Rodker said:
John,
Pleased with both your compliments about the conception and that you would both have been chuffed to have take it!
I am humbled!
Herb Riddle said:
Christmas Greetings, Herb
Roger Bennion said:
Andy Rodker said: